A Woman To Her Lover Essay Example for Free

A Wo soldiery To Her Lover EssayWrite a critical analysis of Christina Walshs meter A Woman to Her Lover. Compare and contrast the poem with others you have studied in the unit. Christina Walsh, a female poet, wrote the poem A woman to her lover as a free pen. A free verse is a poem with an irregular stanza length, no rhyme scheme and no syllabus count. Writing it as a free verse reflects her point which is women is stooge change their attitude towards men. She broke all the rules of poetry, this shows that women do not have to be weak towards men, it does not have to be the same as tradition, the man does not have to control the women, they can have equal love.Stanza one in Christina Walshs poem suggests slavery. She uses the word bond slave, which means a slave that does something without saying some(prenominal)thing. Christina Walsh uses an image of a war, as conqueror to the vanquished. As she is the defeated, and so she is forced, which shows that they are enemies. She does not want to be possessed by any one, she refuses it, and O Lover I refuse you she also uses an exclamation mark that shows she is serious. Christina Walsh uses alliteration of the letter b throughout the whole poem. This is called a labial plosive. To sophisticate, bond slave and to bear are used in stanza one, this shows that she is angry and being very assertive. To bear your children, wearing out my life uses caesura to balance the twain ideas. She is saying that if she gives him children, it is equivalent to wearing out her life.She tells him O lover right after the caesura that makes the phrase very strong. It is emphasized. Stanza two in Christina Walshs poem suggests a very different idea. It shows that she does not want to be treated as an angel that never does any mistakes or to be worshiped as a goddess, no one is perfect and neither is she. Go I am no doll to dress and sit for feeble worship, this shows that she thinks it is pathetic to treats someone akin they are perfect and that they are just there to pleaseyou.Throughout the stanza, Christina Walsh uses alliteration in the letter w, wed, word and wish, wingless and worship This gives a soft sound that reflects how the man sees the women. She then uses the word Go to show that what she is saying is straightforward, which again shows that she is against being loved for her beauty and perfection. She then calls him a wear and tells him again, Irefuse you. This shows that she is convinced with her point and the repetition shows that she I against both points she has mentioned.Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare can be linked with the second stanza of Christina Walshs poem. They both agree about the same idea. They both suggest that women should not be loved for her beauty. At the beginning of the sonnet, the reader starts to feel that Shakespeare hates the women. He says My harlot eyes are nothing like the sun, this shows that she is not good looking she is not beautiful. However, he conc ludes that even though she is not beautiful he loves her more than any beautiful girl has ever beenloved.The poem is a sonnet.This means it contains fourteen lines made up of three quatrains and a rhyming suspender at the end. Only in Shakespeares sonnets, the rhyming couplets conclude his point. It is also written in iambic pentameter. Shakespeare is against the idea of tradition and courtly love he is against the idea that the man discloses the women as if she is the most beautiful women on earth. He says that his love to his mistress is rare even though he does not describe her as beautiful. Describing her as beautiful would be false compare.The third stanza in A Woman to Her Lover Christina Walsh is trying to show us that she get out not be a sex object that satisfies her husbands desires, and neither will any women of her duration. She says not for you the hand of any wakened woman of our time. She uses the word wakened to show that this concept is not for any woman, it is for any aware and educated woman that knows her rights. Christina Walsh repeats the word Or in both stanza two and stanza three. This shows that she has a careen of ideas that she will make her refuse a man.She also uses the word creature. This shows that if she accepts the face that a man wants to marry her tofu fill his desires then that is not any better than animals.She says women of our time to show that this way of a relationship is old-fashioned and no one will accept, as now it is not the same as the olddays.The poem To his coy mistress shows a teenager that is trying to convince his girlfriend to have sex with him. The boy gives her a list of reasons why she should have sex with him now.

Features of bluetooth technology Essay Example for Free

Features of bluetooth technology EssayThe logo for Bluetooth is plantd on Runes surrounding the legend of Harald Bluetooth. Bluetooth the technology is based on communication theory central to mans own personal space. Fundamentally Bluetooth operates within the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) slew at 2. 4 GHz. It is a short-range tuner communication standard defined as cable television replacement for a Personal Area Network (PAN) (see Bluetooth. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). Figure 1 is the Bluetooth Logo. A cable replacement standard has been defined because cables limit mobility of the consumer they are cumbersome to carry around, are easily lost or broken. Often connectors are prone to strong to diagnose failures or are proprietary. To counteract these limitations Bluetooth is designed to be light and portable. It can be embedded to take the riggers of physical knocks and shocks. It includes standards and protocols to make it mobile, robust, re liable and non limited to one manufacturer (see Bluetooth. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). The operating band also fits the goals of Bluetooth, imposing requirements as a cable replacement. The constitute needs to be alike(p) with cable. Reductions can be achieved by operating in the licence free 2.4 GHz ISM band, keeping backward compatibility wherever possible lowers the cost of ownership by avoiding upgrades and having a relaxed radiocommunication specification enables single chip integrated circuit solutions. It also needs to be as reliable and springy as cable and cope with errors and degradation caused by interference. For mobile devices it must be compact, lightweight, low power and easy to use (see Bluetooth. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). A. 1 absolute oftenness Hopping We film addressed the reasons for the Bluetooth without delving into the nuts and bolts of the technology to discover how it operates.For the majority of countries the I SM band used by Bluetooth is available from 2. 40-2. 4835 GHz, although some countries impose restrictions. In this band Bluetooth uses Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) techniques in order to improve its immunity from interference (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth concern Without Cables, Prentice Hall). In unrestricted countries the radios hop in hoax random sequences around all available channels, this equates to 79 RF channels with a channel spacing of 1 MHz.Starting at a base frequency of 2402 MHz then the frequency of the channels, f, can be expressed as f =2402 + n MHz where, n, is the channel number with an integer protect in the range of 0 to 78. In restricted countries a limited frequency hopping schemes with just 23 channels is used and is catered for in the Bluetooth specification. Both hopping schemes have a 1 MHz channel spacing making it possible to design a simple radio interface whereby the baseband only has to specify a channel number and the radio multiplies this up to the appropriate frequency offset (see J.Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall). In this FHSS scheme there are 1600 hops per second, which is a hop every 625 s. Part of this hop timing is interpreted up by the guard eon of 220 s allowing the synthesizer time to settle. The frequency hopping implements time division multiplexing as shown in Figure 2. The basis of the scheme has the Master device transmitting in the first 625 us slot, k, and here the break ones back receives. In the next slot k = 1 the Slave is permitted to transmit and the master listens (see J.Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall).Figure 2 Frequency Hopping, master and knuckle down interact on corresponding slots The radio must be able to retune and stabilise on a new frequency within tight time constraints. This is pushed further when establishing a connection the hop rate can be shortened to every 312. 5 us. As the radio s are constantly hopping to different radio channels, this ensures that packets affected by interference on one channel can be retransmitted on a different frequency channel.To further enhance resilience both ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and FEC (Forward Error Correction) form part of the specification (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall). One drawback with the normal hop sequence is the time taken for production testing. Bluetooth ensures adequate frequency coverage with a test sequence allowing the radios to be tested at a faster rate (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall).

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Criticisms And Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management EssayA person flowerpot chip in many distinctive qualities, lead is among those qualities, not every iodine give birth such quality, which made this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes down to success and visitation, lead is one of the roughly authorised quality for a managerial person to have. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it I believe the real difference between success and failure in a corporation dismiss be very often traced to the question of how well the organization ingests out the great energies and talents of its people.Leaders that piece of tail bring positive or beneficial effect to a group or enterprise are consider as a shimmyal attractor, they are energetic, passionate, not sole(prenominal) they focus on the systems and the structure of a business, they also focus on the individual employee to do well and to be successful as well. Acc ording to cox (2001), lead is divided into two categories transactional lead and transformational leadership. The distinction between the two, according to James McGregor Burns work on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the insurance policy of rewards to motive and earn his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is called transactional leader and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and committed towards success as well as motivates its employees in fill in for their high effect, also their loyalty. However, in this ever changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her skill and king in order to coordinate with the change. In this particular essay, the main focus allow for be on the transformational leadership and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in estimate of the transformational leadership along with supporting explanations, facts and various examples.Arguments a gainst Transformational Leadership TheoryStudy results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on organizations, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, according to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the guinea pig of leaders required for an company to survive, according to Burn (1978) recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to run across higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break through its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leadership one of the most renewed and popular leadership theory in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns.There are many criticisms against the theory of transformational leadership, one of the c riticism is transformational theory is very difficult to be trained or taught, because its components are too comprehensive on the other hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that supporters might be handled by leaders. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the s take individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate fault in personality or even later life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According to Mark. A. Homig has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exploited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and unsuspecting followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic inflation and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, after first play off of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later stupefy so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called Lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst calamity to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is responsible for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995.The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational, Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformational leadership looks more suited to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements.There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, similar the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that makes a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth analysis will be done.Supports for the Transformational Leadership theoryTwo of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory in general focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, and accusing it to be misleading. However, if we take a closer look at the details and examine the core components of the transformational leadership theory, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the general construction of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it differently.Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it cannot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias (cited in blog leadership, 2010) have stated More than fellowship, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basics of leadership can be taught. What is desperately needed is more responsible leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. do (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that reportJay conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the London lineage School and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and role models, education all play a role in leadership development. Using an analogy with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player despite coaching, yet most will benefit and improve their game. A some will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders given coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive.Also from Kim S. Came ron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or better than others, of course, and some people reflect more magnetized or likable characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that appear on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve prominent results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. Can people learn to become better parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and improved. So can effective leadership.Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Dohs interview essay), have all agreed that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason behind this is the three dimensions of leadership skills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do better than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc..is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training.There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned Apple into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. Another example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (merged with United in 2010), and he joined Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only eliminated the debt they had at that not, but a lso increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share.ConclusionIn conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been light in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowledge of leadership. Transformational leadership is surely one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterprises facing many tough challenges such as creativ ity, sustainability, and uniqueness.

User Acceptance of Research Evidence in Nursing

User acceptation of Research Evidence in NursingUser Acceptance of Research Evidence in NursingUser Acceptance of Research Evidence in Nursing

Treatment Options in Recurrent GBM Research

Treatment Options in Recurrent GBM ResearchStrategies for clinical applicationsThe multi-omics entropy may likewise reveal important leads for remedial applications. A very recent review on GBM, reported outcomes of clinical trials investigating current treatment options in recurrent GBM, including anti-angiogenic, signal course blockade and immun clear upapy establish approaches (1). However the genetic and cellular heterogeneity reflects in the modest results obtained so far. This necessitates identification and confirmation of better therapeutic targets and active strategies to combat GBM. Some invention strategies be showing promise in Phase II trials and preliminary in produceation is becoming available, such as, EGFRvIII peptide vaccine, Rindopepimut CD95 targeted monoclonal antibody, APG100 and multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib (1). A multi-pronged approach targeting a control panel of proteins may thus hold the key to eliciting a synergistic re sponse and prove much beneficial than current treatment modalities targeting individual markers. When it comes to circulatory or plasma-based biomarkers, in view of the technical limitations encountered in deep and direct plasma abstract as discussed earlier, alternate methods which would allow prediction of tumor related molecules and their targeted exploration would be highly useful. bingle of the outcomes of the study was the identification of effective strategies for data analysis and integration, facilitated by the bioinformatics tools available today. It shows experimental identification of proteins passed through and through the screen to procure analytical rigor and available relevance as above (Stage 1). Biologically important and potential tumor specific proteins determine in expression studies are then assessed for their secretory potential based on computational prediction algorithms for signal peptide and transmembrane domain containing proteins, such as, Signal P and TMHMM, respectively and via non-classical secretory mechanisms utilise SecretomeP. These proteins are advance prioritized based on their detectability and occurrence in proteomic data for secretome, CSF and plasma analysis (normal or patient) (Stage 2). The potential secretory candidates are then explored in plasma in a targeted manner (Stage 3). Interestingly, some of these proteins were identified in analysis of plasma or CSF from GBM patients (2, 3). Once bioinformatically scrutinized as above and compiled, the candidate biomarker panels, can be subjected to validation and experimentation in cohorts of tissue sections, blood plasma/serum specimens from patients (Stage 4). We believe construction of such high confidence protein panels would be a valuable prototype for studies in larger cohorts in clinical experimental designs.High confident lead candidates for experimental applicationGBM Secreted proteinsSecreted proteins boast an integral contribution in GBM tumorigene sis through cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis besides being important in normal physiological processes and thus instrumental to the discovery of cancer biomarkers. Besides being useful as markers for typing the tumor, their presence in easily accessible body fluids makes them useful for monitoring the disease progression or treatment response and recurrence. A entire survey of all available literature was done to identify the several candidate biomarkers birth been reported in serum or plasma of GBM patients and these are shown in Table 1 in Chapter 1. However, such potential and promising new biomarkers are yet to be rigorously evaluated for application against this unmet need. Non-invasive methods based on circulatory biomarkers would be useful for monitoring not only GBM patients but also for lower grades Grade II and III tumors that exhibit longer endurance periods.Further, some new reports on circulating tumor desoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA) that have ident ified in the plasma of GBM patients such as mutated IDH1 DNA (4), methylated MGMT DNA (5) and EGFRvIII mutant DNA (6). The highly sensitive sequencing based methods for detection of circulatory tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients plasma are under progress (7). These ctDNA markers toss away by dead tumor cells may surface in future to be reasonable indicators for tumor diagnostics.Kinases in GBM Identification of GnRH signaling pathway apply an alternate approachAs mentioned in Chapter 2, I used alternate approaches to enhance pathway views by targeting specific protein families, i.e. kinases. Protein kinases (PKs) are well known therapeutic targets in distinct cancers and a family of proteins that are major components of signal transduction pathways acting as membrane receptors (RTKs) or as intracellular signaling mediators (non-receptor PKs) and several protein kinases have been implicated in gliomagenesis (8, 9). Several studies have also shown altered expression of protein kinases in GBM and targeted therapies directed towards RTKs using kinase inhibitors are in clinical trials (10, 11). There is renew optimism in the use of kinase inhibitors to treat GBM (12). New therapeutic strategies have emerged that use multi-targeted kinase inhibitors to simultaneously disrupt multiple kinases (13). The GBM data was found to be enriched with several kinases. A total of 102 kinases were present in GBM datasets 77 different kinases in transcriptomics data and 30 kinases in proteomics data with 26 in common between them. street analysis using these kinases revealed GnRH signaling as the top pathway that has hush not investigated in the context of GBM. We observe an overall enrichment of about 129 entities from omics datasets of which 26 kinases and 57 non-kinase members are coming from the concordant (n=711) transcriptome and proteome dataset. The 26 concordant kinases along with their fold changes are shown in the Figure 48 below. A large proportion of GnRH pathway en tities include kinases (MAPKs, CAMKs, and RTKs) that enabled its identification as a top pathway using this approach. A targeted search of other non-kinase members of the pathway resulted in additional members of the pathway in omics datasets that further increased its implication value.In GBM, it has been shown that human GnRH receptors are expressed in tumor cells and receptor activation affects apoptosis, adhesion and angiogenesis to promote tumorigenesis. GnRH signalling as a possible therapeutic target in cancer has already been suggested and put together with my observations it strongly supports this possibility in the context of GBM. The expanded hand-curated map of GnRH signaling is a valuable resource for the scientific community.Expression of GnRH and GnRH receptor has been reported in GBM cell lines and tissue samples at both mRNA and protein levels concordant with clinical data obtained using GBM tumor tissues and treatment with GnRH agonists resulted in anti-proliferat ive activity (14-16).There is also evidence that the analogues can cross the blood-brain barrier, indicating suitability for treatment of malignant glioblastomas (17). Given the signification of this pathway in cancers and GBM, further understanding the molecular interplay involving GnRH signalling pathway in light of my findings will reveal is use as a potential molecular and therapeutic target. Glioma Amplicon and Risk RegionsThe protein coding genes implicated in Glioma and other cancers were clustered based on their chromosomal locations using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis tools to depend overlaps with positional gene sets from Molecular Signatures database and further clustered based on proximity to other known oncogenes from Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology data resource, to identify colocalized gene clusters on Chr. 12 and other chromosomes as shown in Chapter 3. An important finding was that larger number of overexpressed differential regulat ed genes in glioma datasets mapped to cardinal significant regions the glioma amplicon (n=37) in 12q13-15 region and the glioma susceptibility (n=16) in the 12p13 region implicated as a major risk region in patients with a family tale of gliomas. The discovery of these two clusters of overexpressed genes provides a biological validation of mass-spectrometry derived data. Apart from these two essential regions, several genes from the glioma dataset were found to cluster more or less amplicons on other chromosomes and other known cancer associated genes that were not identified in GBM datasets but present in close proximity to them. These can be investigated in a more targeted manner in glioma. Many studies have been done to understand the biological significance of these amplicon regions in gliomas that indicate that these amplifications are more frequent in gliomas than previously thought and have different distribution patterns in low grade versus high grade tumors (18, 19). Overall, a relative high degree of amplifications and deletions are seen in GBM that have implications on the expression of the genes involved and contribute to relevant pathogenic genes (20).Novel genes and isoformsAlternative splicing increases the repertoire of protein functionality and heterogeneity and aberrant splicing events have been frequently seen in several cancers, including GBM and increasing evidence now points to their important role in tumor initiation and progression. The concept of proteogenomics has emerged rapidly as a valuable approach to integrate mass spectrometry (MS)-derived proteomic data with transcriptomic data to identify novel splice variants. However, the role of alternative splicing in GBM is still nascent and needs to be explored as potential biomarkers or molecular targets.As detailed in Chapter 4, the identification of a novel variant of NCAM1, using a proteogenomics approach with 5 peptide evidences from MS data spanning a novel exonic region, is very significant finding in GBM. NCAMs are well characterized glycoproteins that mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion among neurons and between neurons and muscle. Several splice variants of NCAM1 have been identified (21, 22) and alterations in these have been found in serum and tissues of brain tumors (23, 24). NCAM1 has 5 known isoforms and also exhibits glycoforms as it can be post-translationally modified by the addition of polysialic acid (PSA), which is thought to abrogate its homophilic binding properties and affect the adhesive properties of NCAM (25). Further, PSA conjugated NCAM, was shown to potentiate migration via FGFR signaling distinct from its adhesion capability (26). The following observations may be noted with respect to this novel variantThe observation is supported in transcriptomics data in 18 out of 25 RNAseq samples.Multiple gene modelling software such as Augustus, GenScan, AceView and Ensemble support the presence of this novel exon in their gene mod els and a high degree of conservation was seen as expected for an exonic region.This variant was also separately identified in MS-derived Human Proteome and IvyGAP RNAseq datasetsNCAM1 is upregulated in several cancers however, in GBM both transcript and protein data support its down regulation. We observed two known forms of NCAM1 as well as the novel form to be down regulated.It is interesting to note that the miRNA (hsa-mir-30a-5p) that regulates NCAM1 is upregulated in GBM indicating the deregulation of a acknowledged oncogenic cascade.In summary, our findings demonstrate the usefulness of combining omics approaches to identify novel putative candidates in GBM. Although, it is not clear if the novel splice variant represents a major or minor form of NCAM1. At the transcript level, it seems to be a minor component however, preliminary assessment at the protein level is suggestive of it being a predominant form. Regardless, it would be interesting to explore the biological signif icance of the novel splice variant of NCAM1 and examine its role in GBM tumorigenesis. Hence, in the light of this observation my identification of novel NCAM1 splice variant through proteogenomics analysis using GBM RNAseq data is a very important finding in GBM. The effect of this novel variant on cell-cell adhesion and migration in GBM needs to be further investigated in a targeted manner.Disease implications and targeted analysisStudies suggest that gliomas constitute a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease caused by the malignant growth of glial cells that maintain neurons, resulting in a loss of brain function. Glutamate excitotoxicity is observed in several neurological diseases, which is also utilized by gliomas to gain growth advantage (27). My observations that neurological conditions like Alzhiemers and Parkinsons disease share many common genes with gliomas possible indicate shared molecular mechanisms inducing neurodegeneration. Further, the chromosomal mapping of glioma differentials revealed two clusters one around 12p13 implicated as a glioma risk region and another around 12q13-15 region harboring a glioma amplicon with several overexpressed and amplified genes. Hence, extracting gene/disease associations and generation of a glioma-centric functional and diseasome network is important for understanding GBM tumorigenesis. Further, this region was found to be enriched in several cancers including other brain neoplasms and neurological diseases that may share disease genes and processes with gliomas. lone(prenominal) 22 of the observed 108 disease genes in the diseasome network were identified in our proteomic analysis. The other 86 disease genes implicated in gliomas but not identified in our dataset can be investigated in a more targeted manner in gliomas, providing a global view of linkages between disease phenotypes. Additionally, the finding that chromosomal proximity of genes may have an impact on their functions can be used to ex plore the functions of missing proteins mapping within functional cassettes of related protein/genes. such(prenominal) investigations offer newer paradigms that may be valuable to investigate and present clinically important targets.Future ScopeMetabolomic data integration and potentialCompared to the genome and proteome, metabolome represents the phenotypic changes more closely and has already been investigated for malignancies such as breast, ovarian, colon, prostrate and esophageal cancers. This line of investigation has been extended to gliomas albeit on a smaller scale, revealing novel insights into the role of metabolites in GBM tumorigenesis (reviewed in ref. (28)). Previous studies have revealed how mutations can lead to generation of oncometabolites such as 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) specifically in IDH1 mutated gliomas (29). The discovery by Otto Warburg that cancer cells privilege to metabolize glucose through a seemingly inefficient process of aerobic glycolysis led to t he application of 18-FDG-PET imaging to predict the histological grade of gliomas. Using this technique we could now distinguish low grade gliomas that have low specific uptake (SUV) values from grade III and IV that have higher SUVs. One study performed global metabolic profiling using mass-spectrometry coupled to liquid/gas chromatography on patient derived tumor samples and found increased levels of glutathione, tryptophan and metabolites associated with phentose phosphate and nucleotide synthesis and glycolytic intermediates such as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and 3-phosphoglycerate (30). These studies have collectively provided a window of opportunity for further investigation and integrating these changes with the changes at proteomic, transcriptomic and genomic levels will be the next big step in to study the underlying biology of these tumors.Improving pathway analysis with phosphoproteomics dataProtein phosphorylation plays a central role in transmitting the signal from outs ide the cell through a cascade effect into an intracellular signal to control the biochemical pathways in all nutriment cells. This mechanism of activation or deactivation can be orchestrated by protein kinases via phosphorylation and phosphatases via dephosphorylation. Modifications to these signaling networks via mutations or abnormal protein expression or post-translational modifications may underlie both development and progression of tumorigenesis.Glioma RepositoryIn order to facilitate annotation of key terms and manage the collection of high-throughput data coming from different omics technologies and platforms and make it easier to store and retrieve large amounts of information, I proposed to a schema for data annotation, collection and deposition. The data will be stored in the backend, in separate tables in a relational database (RDBMS), to enable effortless retrieval of key information for particular candidates of interest and also allow for complex querying. The outli ne for the schema is given below.Figure 49 Schema for development of a glioma repository

History of the Navajo People Essay -- Native American Indian Tribe

History of the Navajo PeopleThe people who were going to become the Navajo tribe settled in what would be the mountains of New Mexico in or around the 1600s. Prior to that time the area was the home of the Anasazi (The Ancient Ones.) The Anasazi had lived there for approximately 1200 years but, for unexplained reasons, they run-down their highly developed dwellings and moved westward and southward. A new group of people, the Athapascans, migrated from what are now Canada, Alaska, and the American Northwest southward to settle in the southwesterly of America. Some of this group of Southern Athapascans settled the mountainous region of New Mexico and came to be known as the Navajos, or as they prefer to be called, eat (the People.) Other Athapascans continued moving southward and settled in Arizona where they became known as the Apache Tribe. In the 1600s the Spanish began to intrude on the Pueblo Indians of Arizona the detestation thus gradually spread northwards to involve the N avajos. In 1680 the Pueblos revolted against these European invaders and succeeded in temporarily stopping their suppression. At this time many Pueblos moved northward to join Navajo settlements. The Navajo then began to adopt the Pueblo agricultural, sheep raising and weaving methods that are still evident today. The Navajo adapted well to the new farming methods but continued their hawkish behavior of raiding Spanish settlements as well as those of their Hopi, Pueblo and Zuni neighbors. A major defeat for the Navajos occurred in Canyon de Muertes in 1804 when a group of Navajos confronted a party of Spanish horsemen. The Indians were trapped on a ledge of the canyon with Spanish soldiers armed with rifles above and below them all but one of the Navajo were killed. In 1848, after the Mexican War, the U.S. began to send troops and settlers into the area of New Mexico. As happened with so many of the tribes throughout the U.S., the government and white settlers eventually confiscate d the Navajos land.During the 1850s and 1860s the U.S. Army make Fort Defiance within the heart of the Navajo land. The horses, mules and cattle raised by the whites competed with the Indians sheep for scarce grazing lands. When the Navajo complained of this, the commandant of the fort sent soldiers who slaughtered large numbers of the Indians livestock. In response to this complaint... ... Navajo reservation, woven baskets gave way to ceramic and metal containers, and basket weaving fell into steep decline. Peach baskets have become virtually extinct, and pitch cover and ceremonial baskets were becoming increasingly rare. The Navajo had beautiful silver things too. One such thing is a silver bird pendant. Clothing for both men and women ab initio was deerskin for shirts and skirts. The men later wore cotton or velvet shirts with no collars, breeches below the knee, and moccasins. Women gradually wore the squaw dress, made of plain dark blankets. A Navaho abide is called a Hogan and is made of logs, brush, and earth. Summerhouses are also utilized and made of brush with a windbreak. They also grew corn as their main food source. They called it maize. Corn was an all-important(a) part of the Navajo nation.For many years farming has been a large part of the Navajo way of life. It was used to supply food. It also had many ceremonies that went along with it.In conclusion, the bill of the Navajo, the culture of the Navajo, and the art and tradition of these people has been discussed. The Navajo were one of the greatest tribes of the Southwest.

Applications of G.I.S. in Agriculture and Ecology :: Agricultural Environment Farm Essays Papers

Applications of G.I.S. in Agriculture and EcologyGeographic Information Systems (G.I.S.) is one of the fastest growing technologies today. This field covers anything and everything that rotter be mapped, anything from weeds to urban sprawl, if it can be mapped, G.I.S. can be used. G.I.S. uses com gear upers to store, analyze, and show data collected about a given topic(Kennedy 1), (Zimmerman 5-9, 73-91). G.I.S. basically turns a computer into an atlas(Kennedy 1). With all this study available, how can it help the field of agriculture? G.I.S. has been used to track the spread of noxious weeds, grasshoppers, soil types, and various other factors, which help in agriculture. First off, we can cover some G.I.S. basics. The information that is put into G.I.S. is collected from remote sensing, which can consist of aerial photography, satellite imagery, or raw G.P.S. data. G.I.S. has two main categories raster and vector(Johnston 1-77). Raster G.I.S. uses cells and numbers game to repres ent real objects in the area(Johnston 1-77), (Zimmerman 5-9, 73-91). These cells are assigned numerical values to represent objects in the real world. For example a certain cell could be numbered 353, and could represent a swamp, mountain, river bed, or any other physical feature found on the earth, or whatever the G.I.S. is being applied to. Vector G.I.S. represents the world by using a series of lines, shapes, and points. This G.I.S. presents physical features, or whatever the G.I.S. applies to in realistic shapes(Zimmerman 5-9, 73-91). Both of these types of G.I.S. would be applicable in agricultural systems, the vector type being more visual oriented and the raster looking more like a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet(Zimmerman 5-9, 73-91). It just depends on what you are studying, for example the terrain abbreviation for a new field would probably be best suited to a vector G.I.S., whereas a raster G.I.S. would be more applicable in quest the movement of grasshoppers across the st ate of Wyoming(Zimmerman 5-9, 73-91). G.I.S. applications are currently being used to track weed invasion in the Jack Morrow Hills area of northern Sweetwater County and south Fremont County(Gillham 1-68). This is done through the remote sensing application of aerial photography. The mapping of weeds is very important to the agriculturist. They can use the information that has been collected to put forth preventative measures to keep out certain invasive species. This plays a huge role near the Jack Morrow Hills, the nearby communities of Farson and Eden both confide mainly on hay and alfalfa crops as a source of income, and with G.